NASA’s Cassini spacecraft and ESA’s Huygens lander showed that Saturn’s large moon Titan mimics Earth in many ways. But Titan displays different kinds of chemistry in a far colder environment. Given the similarities, the question of life inevitably arises: could Titan support some kind of simple life? Given the differences, scientists ponder the best places to look for Titan life. In late July 2018, a new study published in the peer-reviewed journal Astrobiology and reported on in Astrobiology Magazine suggests the best places on Titan to look for evidence of life.
Titan is a geological wonderland for planetary scientists. It has rivers, lakes and seas of actual liquid – not water, but the hydrocarbons methane and ethane – and it has mountain ranges, possible ice volcanoes (aka cryovolcanoes) and vast hydrocarbon dunes. There is also evidence for a subsurface ocean of water, similar to those believed to lie beneath the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Enceladus.
Perhaps surprisingly, the research team, led by Catherine Neish, a planetary scientist specializing in impact cratering at the University of Western Ontario, suggested that the best locations to look for life on Titan would not be the lakes or seas. Instead, the new work shows a better place to look would be within impact craters and cryovolcanoes on Titan.
The scientists reason that these areas are where water ice in Titan’s crust could temporarily melt into a liquid. Water is still the only solvent known to be able to support life as we know it. Various studies have suggested that liquid methane and ethane could support life. But Saturn’s moon Titan – some nine times farther from the sun than Earth – is very cold, with surface temperatures hovering around -179 degrees Celsius (-300 degrees Fahrenheit). Methane and ethane do remain liquid at Titan’s surface temperature, but it’s too cold there for biochemical processes, at least as far as we know (although that, too, is a matter of debate).
Titan’s surface is also covered with tholins, which are large, complex organic molecules produced when gases are subjected to cosmic radiation. When mixed with liquid water, tholins can produce amino acids, which are, essentially, life’s building blocks. According to researcher Morgan Cable at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California:
“When we mix tholins with liquid water, we make amino acids really fast. So any place where there is liquid water on Titan’s surface or near its surface could be generating the precursors to life – biomolecules – that would be important for life as we know it, and that’s really exciting.”
The temperatures on Titan’s surface are too cold for liquid water, so where could it be found? The answer is Titan’s craters and cryovolcanoes. The processes involved with both of these geologic features can melt water ice into liquid, even if only temporarily.
But that might be enough for more complex organic molecules like amino acids to form.
Between craters and cryovolcanoes, it would seem that craters would be the most ideal location for pre-biotic or biotic chemistry to occur. As Neish explained:
“Craters really emerged as the clear winner for three main reasons. One, is that we’re pretty sure there are craters on Titan. Cratering is a very common geologic process and we see circular features that are almost certainly craters on the surface.”
Neish also noted that craters would produce more liquid water melt than a cryovolcano, so any water would remain liquid for a longer period of time. She also added:
“The last point is that impact craters should produce water that’s at a higher temperature than a cryovolcano.”
Warmer water would allow for faster chemical reaction rates, which would help in the creation of prebiotic or even biotic molecules. The largest known craters on Titan are Sinlap (112 kilometres/70 miles in diameter), Selk (90 kilometres/56 miles) and Menrva (392 kilometres/244 miles). These would be the primary locations to look for biomolecules.
David Grinspoon at the Planetary Science Institute isn’t convinced yet, however. He commented:
“We don’t know where to search even with results like this. I wouldn’t use it to guide our next mission to Titan. It’s premature.”
So what about cryovolcanoes? They haven’t actually been confirmed yet to exist on Titan, and if they do, they are more rare than craters (even though craters are also relatively rare on Titan). The most likely feature to be a cryovolcano is a mountain with a caldera on top called Sotra Facula. Other than that, they seem to be few and far between. As Neish said:
“Cryovolcanism is the harder thing to do and there is very little evidence of it on Titan.”
There is also, of course, a possible subsurface ocean of water on Titan, but, if it exists, it is deep below the moon’s surface and inaccessible to any robotic probes in the near future. For now, we can only imagine what might be in that alien abyss.
The methane/ethane lakes and seas should still be explored too; they are the only other known bodies of liquid on the surface of another moon or planet in the Solar System. Methane-based life could theoretically exist in such environments, so it would obviously be a good idea to look, at least.
Bottom line: Titan is a world that is eerily similar to Earth in some ways, yet still uniquely alien. Whether it supports any kind of life is still a big question, but researchers now think they know the best places to search for it.
This article was first published on EarthSky.